A Cell Bio Problem Set 1 - 1411 Words

BSC 515, A Cell Bio Problem Set 1 Q1. In 1944, at the beginning of his book What is Life, the great physicist Erwin Schrodinger asked the following question: â€Å"How can the events in time and space which take place within the spatial boundary of a living organism be accounted for by physics and chemistry? What would be your answer today? Living organisms contain molecular and cellular machinery that maintain homeostasis. All of this machinery is governed by the laws of Physics and Chemistry and with our increased understanding of the biological sciences we understand the complex relationship of all three of these sciences in living systems. Each science is inherently dependent on another: BiologyïÆ'   ChemistryïÆ'   PhysicsïÆ'   Mathematics. Do you think there are peculiar properties of living systems that disobey the laws of physics and chemistry? Chemistry and Physics are our understanding on how the natural laws and forces are at work in our Universe. If these laws are considered Universal then they would govern living organisms as well, therefore it would be near impossible for living systems to disobey any of these fundamental properties. Q2. Cell growth depends on nutrient uptake and waste disposal. You might imagine, therefore, that the rate of movement of nutrients and waste products across the cell membrane would be an important determinant of the rate of cell growth. Is there a correlation between a cell s growth rate and its surface—to—volume ratio? There is a directShow MoreRelatedUse Of Bio Printers As A Replacement For Current Organ Donation Treatments1442 Words   |  6 Pagespotential use of bio-printers as a replacement for current organ donation treatments was investigated. The current organ situation in Australia was explored to assess whether the implementation of bio-printing was suitable. It was discovered that more than 1,500 people are on the Australian organ transplant waiting list, and was thus concluded that bio-printing technology could assist in reducing stress on the waiting lists. Further, this investigation involved researching various bio-printing methodsRead MoreBio 135 Test Review Essay1396 Words   |  6 PagesBIO 135 Test 3 (6,7,8,16) Review Sheet 1. Name the 4 SKELETAL SYSTEM FUNCTIONS 2. What do all types of cartilage have in common? 3. Name the spaces that Chondrocytes are within 4. Name the 3 types of cartilage ï‚ · Where in the body is each type found? 5. Which cartilage has many elastin fibers? 6. What is a cartilage cell called? 7. How does fibrocartilage differ from other cartilage? 8. How does cartilage grow? 9. What gives bone flexibility? 10. What gives bone strength? 11. Name the 3 boneRead MoreBio-oil Production with Algae1640 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to Bio-oil production with Algae What is Bio-Oil? 1. Introduction to Bio-Oil and Algae strains Bio-Oil is an organic fuel that contains energy that is made from natural living organisms. They are produced from lipids which are merged with other ingredients which chemically produces Bio-Oil. Fossil fuels are generally easier to harness but it is produces a lot of carbon emission which is greatly detrimental to the health of the environment. Thus, the idea of Bio-fuel is introduced asRead MoreBiological Treatment Of Oil Spills : Biological Treatment Of Oil Spillss1353 Words   |  6 Pagesnutrient or enzymes that enhances the rate of bio-degradation of oil spills. It is the process of digestion of oil spills through microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, yeasts, etc., it is a simple process of breaking f complex compound to form simpler molecular giving out energy and nutrients. Bio-degradation of oil is a natural process that takes place over a long period of time (days, weeks, months or even over years) to degrade oil from the water. Bio-remediation is a technique of adding mattersRead MoreWhat is Cancer?1249 Words   |  5 Pagesgenerally found. It constitutes a dense arrangement of cancerous epithelial cells commonly in small form, penetrating glands with a symmetrical de-crease in stromal volume [2]. B. Lee et al. [3] used tissue bio-impedance to differentiate between the diseases because morphological differences between normal and malignant prostate tissue are present and sensitivity of electrical im-pedance spectra to cellular structure was known. Bio-impedance is one of the properties referred to a tissue’s re-sistance whenRead MoreEmbryo Based Stem Cell Research1171 Words   |  5 Pages Embryo-based stem cell research The controversy concerning the ethical dilemma related to stem cell research rages on. One particular basis of this controversy emanates from the fact that embryonic stem cells research derives its stem cells from destroyed embryos. Stem cells are cells that are yet to be specialized into specific tissue that serves specific function in the organism. Some radical scientists have labeled these cells the building blocks of future medical and biotechnical researchRead MoreChemistry : Biology And Chemical Biology1099 Words   |  5 Pagesprotein activity and identify protein interactions within living systems.(Singh et al., 2016) Types of reactions that fit this definition are as follows 5.1 Condensations of Ketones and Aldehydes with Heteroatom-bound Amines Historically, the first bio-orthogonal ligations involved ketone–aldehyde condensation reactions. While ketones and aldehydes can form reversible imine adducts with many amines found in biological systems, this process is thermodynamically unfavourable in water. This led toRead MoreBiological Therapy Case Study830 Words   |  4 Pagesshown that injection of growth factors can reduce the expression of inflammatory cytokines in degenerative intervertebral discs. Biologically active substance injection: for early intervention of intervertebral disc, can promote cell proliferation within the disc, promote cell matrix synthesis, which can theoretically reconstruct the height of the intervertebral space. The types of active substances include transforming growth factor-ÃŽ ² (TGF-ÃŽ ²), epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblast growthRead MoreBio 312 Immunology Final F16994 Words   |  4 PagesBIO 312 Immunology Final F16 1. What protein/antigen marker would someone use for flow cytometry /FACS analysis to sort out hematopoietic stem cells? The best protein to use is CD34 because it is present on all human hematopoietic stem cells, anti-CD34 monoclonal antibodies are often used to separate the hematopoietic stem cells from other bone marrow cells. 2. B-cells and T-cells both have to perform a few â€Å"quality control† checks to ensure that a functional cell is produced. Describe in detailRead MoreThe Effects of Caffeine on Fish960 Words   |  4 PagesS. I. R. (Science Investigation Research) 1 YR – ST. LOUIS OF BERTRAND SUMITTED TO: Leah Ilagan (Integrated Science Teacher) SUBMMITED BY: Agustin, Nathan Raphael DL. Arcaira, John Carlo B. Catuira, Jerrico B. Olalia, Nicolas Andrei Serna, Christian O. Zipagang, Lance Harvey O. PROBLEM: How Caffeine affects a Gold-fish Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Background * Background of the Study * Caffeine is becoming a common chemical found in the environment

Hamlet s Madness Within The Play - 1336 Words

Furthermore, Hamlet’s madness within the play can be interpreted as a subsequent result of metaphorical poison in the mind. At the beginning of the play when Hamlet gets to know of his father’s death and his uncle re-marrying his mother, immediately it is seen that Hamlet shows traits of a poisoned conscience. He says: Ere yet the salt of most unrighteous tears Had left the flushing in her gallà ¨d eyes, She married. O most wicked speed, to post With such dexterity to incestuous sheets! It is not nor it cannot come to good, But break, my heart, for I must hold my tongue. (1.2.155-160) This shows Hamlet’s mind becoming figuratively poisoned as a result of the recent tragedy of his father’s death and now his mother betraying him by marrying his uncle. In this quote, Hamlet curses his own mother for getting over his father’s death so quickly, he shows traits of a poisoned and corrupted mind by not being able to comprehend his mother’s decision. Hamlet further undergoes a poisoned mind after speaking with the ghost of his father. Hamlet feels the need to avenge his father’s death after hearing the truth of the murder. There is a filial loyalty that needs to be satisfied in Hamlets mind. Hearing this truth pushes Hamlet over the edge and further provokes his mind to consequently become increasingly poisoned in a metaphorical sense. This is proven when Hamlet states: Here, as before, never, so help youShow MoreRelatedHamlet : Five Acts Of Acting844 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet: Five Acts of Acting William Shakespeare’s Hamlet, is a dramatic play, or perhaps a number of plays within a play. Hamlet himself is the greatest actor throughout the play. The acting motif, used in Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, is mirrored through practically every scene and affects each character. Hamlet definitely acts throughout the play, although it is passionately debated whether or not his ‘madness’ is fictitious. Hamlet may be acting—attempting to concoct this madness as part of a revengeRead MoreThe Madness Of Shakespeare s Hamlet978 Words   |  4 PagesMind: The Madness of Shakespeare s Hamlet Madness, understood as an abnormal state of mind, broadens across a spectrum of unrecognizable or worrying behaviors. Numerous Shakespearian performances touch on the theme of madness, though Shakespeare s Hamlet displays the idea rather clearly because of the difficulties that the main character endures. Prince Hamlet is troubled by the lack of grieving from his mother after his father had died. Hamlet s mother, Queen Gertrude, remarries Hamlet s uncleRead MorePoison Motif Within Hamlet By William Shakespeare1227 Words   |  5 Pagesthroughout Hamlet The concept of poison is all around society: poisonous people, poisonous ideas, and poisonous environments; however, the poison in society cannot be avoided, it’s inevitable some would say. As Michael Uhl once put it â€Å"you’ve got to pick your poison†, and hope for the least of the evils, which unfortunately is not always the case. In Shakespeare s Hamlet, the motif of poison functions to be the symbol of corruption throughout the play that highlights the theme of death, madness, and theRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Sanity Vs. Insanity1742 Words   |  7 PagesEnglish IV Mrs. Joyner Sanity VS. Insanity â€Å"Hamlet represents the mid period of the growth of Shakespeare s genius, when comedy and history ceased to be adequate for the expression of his deeper thoughts and sadder feelings about life, and when he was entering upon his great series of tragic writings† (The World s Best Essays from the Earliest Period to the Present Time). Hamlet’s actions are entirely too extreme for him to be faking his insanity. Hamlet is constantly on the brink of insanity, orRead MoreIs Hamlet Really Insane?1404 Words   |  6 PagesIV January 1st, 2015. Was Hamlet Really Insane? William Shakespeare, a renowned poet and playwright, wrote the play Hamlet at the turn of the 16th century– which has become known and enjoyed around nearly the entire world. Ever since it was written more than four centuries ago, there has been a decently large amount of debate between Shakespearean scholars, casual readers, literary critics, and sometimes even psychologists and psychoanalysts about whether or not Hamlet ever truly went insane atRead MoreMadness : William Shakespeare s Hamlet1323 Words   |  6 PagesConnie Merer English 12 C Block 12/16/14 Madness in Hamlet Madness can be interpreted in many different ways, one of which being extremely foolish behavior. William Shakespeare s play, Hamlet, explores this definition within the title character’s journey after the death of his father. Throughout the play Hamlet has glimpses of sanity, but ultimately the tragedy of losing his father causes all of his idiotic behavior. He allows himself to listen to what appears to be the ghost of his father, andRead More Hamlets Sanity Essay1522 Words   |  7 Pages Hamlets Sanity Throughout Shakespeare?s play, Hamlet, the main character, young Hamlet, is faced with the responsibility of attaining vengeance for his father?s murder. He decides to feign madness as part of his plan to gain the opportunity to kill Claudius. As the play progresses, his depiction of a madman becomes increasingly believable, and the characters around him react accordingly. However, through his inner thoughts and the apparent reasons for his actions, it is clear that he is notRead MoreHamlet Cause And Effect Essay1092 Words   |  5 Pagesexplains that an individual s actions can have an effect on this world, another individual or another s life. One’s actions tend to demonstrate the characteristics of which they possess thus, defining them as a person. However, these characteristics and actions not only affect the individual, but others around them as well. This creates a cause and effect system throughout their life, which impacts various relationships for that individual. I n William Shakespeare s play Hamlet, Hamlet’s actions haveRead MoreAn Analysis Of The Film Hamlets Antic Disposition Essay1290 Words   |  6 PagesAn Analysis of Hamlet s antic disposition In the film†Hamlets antic disposition† the author Alexander W Crawford, describe hamlet as mad, but a close reveal of the play shows that Hamlet is straightforward and sane. His actions and thoughts are a logical response to the situation in which he finds himself. However, he assumes antic-disposition to undercover the truth of his father s death. After the Ghost tells Hamlet that Claudius has murdered his father, Hamlet begins to plan his next steps.Read MoreMind and Hamlet1132 Words   |  5 Pagesadmirable text does not define or exhaust its possibilities†. What possibilities do you see in Shakespeare’s Hamlet? Discuss your ideas with close reference to at least two scenes from Hamlet. Shakespeare’s texts have been re-visited, re-interpreted and re-invented to suit the context and preferences of an evolving audience, and it through this constant recreation it is evident that Hamlet â€Å"does not define or exhaust its possibilities†. Through the creation of a character who emulates a variety of

Inference Wlement of Thought

Question: Discuss about the Inference Element of Thought. Answer: Discussion Element of thought involves consideration of a point of view in thinking. It involves purpose . Elements of thought entails information gathering, interpretation, inference on the issue of concern and concepts are highlighted. When we think, we utilise assumptions of the thought and its overall implications and consequences of reason. An inference involves how we reach conclusion and how to interpret information. In standards of thinking, there is need for the ability to assess the reasoning capacity. In order to have a clear thinking, we need to have measures and benchmarks for quality. It can be done through criteria based approach of using accuracy, precision, relevance, depth, breadth, logicalness and significance issue. However improved reasoning is achieved when goals are clear using standards of intellectuality and usage of information in thinking, however information is of high quality when accurate information used. Contentious issue in these two is that, how will you make an inferences or conclusion if you have a low reasoning capacity? The quality of that conclusion will be affected and thus compromise the quality of the decision. However in inference, one needs to seek purpose and gather the right information which when combine good reason, good conclusion is reached. Hence the contentious issue here is the standard of thinking that needs to be used in order to make good inference which is of high quality. My point of view is that the level of thinking quality affects considerably the inferences made or choices made. One must have god reason in order to make a good conclusion. References Williams, E. and Standish, P., 2016. Sound not light: Levinas and the elements of thought. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 48(4), pp.360-373. Richard Paul's, 2017 "Miniature Guide to Critical Thinking" Retrieved at 0708 hrs 13-04-2017, https://www.public.wsu.edu/~hughesc/Paul-elements-of-thought.html. Gary Meegan 2017 . The elements of thought. Viewed 13 April 2017, https://theelementsofthought.org/the-author/ . Anonymous, 2017. Elements of Reasoning. Viewed on 13/04/2017., https://www.lee.edu/sacs/files/2012/04/Hale_Elements_of_Reasoning.pdf

The Effects of Affluenza on Our Fragile Environment Essay Example

The Effects of Affluenza on Our Fragile Environment Paper This problem will cause the sea levels to rise and as a result thousands of homes will be underwater never to be lived in again. Affluent is usually described as an endorsement of the flow of wealth that causes a division of classes, and loss of financial, environmental and emotional balance. Graff, Wan and Anally, 18) In persons, symptoms Of affluent are addiction to work and anarchy; jack of confidence; hopelessness; a loss of enthusiasm and an artificial sense of power. Affluent may come with obsessive conducts. Affluent is prevailing throughout the world: in individuals who have assets. Affluent is an important reason of environmental change, scarcity of biodiversity and the heritage of leaving offspring. (Science Magazine, 29) _ Impacts of Affluent on Environment_ Defining and spreading impact of Affluent and environmental pollution on humans is the mission of this essay. Although this malady might once have been labeled stress or greed, studies demonstrate that the syndrome of Affluent is much more complex. It is related to many of the social and environmental problems that exist today, either as a cause, a result, or both. If this problem continues there will be serious consequences. Some of the impacts include tremendous cost of pollution cleanup and prevention. It also has a dramatic effect on natural resources in forests, wetlands and rivers are just a few of our natural resources. These resources perform different tasks. All are vital services for the Earth. They enhance air and water quality, provide habitats for plants and animals and provide food. Simply put we live of them o if we continue to damage our lifelines we will have a hard enough job staying alive never mind all the other jobs we have to do. According to Former Harvard Business School marketing professor David Shorten, The whole corporate system and the cause of globalization are increasingly geared toward bringing every country into the consumer system. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Affluenza on Our Fragile Environment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Affluenza on Our Fragile Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Affluenza on Our Fragile Environment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Theres a very strong emphasis on trying to reach children to reshape their values from the very beginning to convince them that progress is defined by what they consume. (Science Magazine, 29) It is of great importance to understand the symptoms of Affluent: shopping ever, chronic stress, hyper commercialism, material boys and girls (marketing to and consumption by children), a rash of bankruptcies, fractured families, social scars (a loss of community), and global infection (socially and environmentally unsustainable practice). Dennis and Hamilton, 1 75) For each symptom, there are several examples, like, under global infection we learn that one fifth of the worlds people live in absolute poverty, that since 1 950 residents of the United States alone have used more resources than all people who have lived on earth before them, and that each citizen uses 20 ions of resources a year. Social columnist Jeremy Riffing says during the nineteenth century, consumption itself (tuberculosis) considered as a bad thing. A quick review of the notion of simplicity in culture describes the interest in simple living at the turn of the 20th century, the involuntary simplicity of the Great Depression, the post-World War II consumer boom fueled by government-housing and highway policies, the counterculture movement of the 1 9605 and 1 9705, and Jimmy Carters 1979 speech in which he criticized the increasing materialism of the society. But as Shih suitably observes, part of Jimmy Carters failure was his lack of recognition of how deep and widespread the consumer culture had become. (Dennis and Hamilton, 158) Although the attention devoted to voluntary simplicity is more extensive than that devoted to any of the symptoms of affluent, it only begins to give a feel for what a simpler lifestyle might entail. The researchers recognize that Affluent could only provide an introduction to voluntary simplicity and are at work on a follow-up program, originally titled Living Better on Less. As mentioned by Dennis, Th ere is absolutely no way everyone can live at our tankard of affluence. Consumption threatens to devour world resources within a single lifetime. (Dennis and Hamilton, 124) Attention to this issue will only increase in the future. When simpler, less consumptive lifestyle will be seen as a possible cure for the various problems and simplicity will grow as a lifestyle choice and as a social movement. According to a national environmental group, due to air pollution, probability is high that infants and kids will develop cancer in later years of their lives. Due to air pollution, toxic chemicals are mixed with childrens cereal and thus can cause cancer, but the overspent are not paying enough attention to this issue so far. Science Magazine, 29) Conclusion and Recommendation It feels that all kinds of environmental pollution can be reduced or ultimately stopped once and for all by controlling Affluent. Every individual must look at Earth as being someone or something really special to us. Look after this like a child. Love it and care for it as if it were your own. No one should trash it or take advantage of it. However if this problem of abuse towards our world continues it is inevitable that it will get back at us in the future. Perhaps owner rather than later, reducing or stopping pollution for the soul purpose of saving our Earth is a simple task. Everyone should get involved, rich or poor, healthy or sick. If more people take part in the programs already out there then it might not be too late. However someday in the future (maybe not in our lifetime) the Earth will decide it has had enough and that will be the end of everything, as we know it. If Earth dies it will surely take us with it. Just remember that when youre holding a wrapper or an empty can in you hand and there is no bin about that our fate is in our hands. As suggested by Scott Simon earth could support the worlds population at nearly our living standards if we revised many of our consumption and spending habits. However, some argue that even at dramatically reduced levels of consumption and increased levels of productive echo-efficiency, human population must be reduced to achieve a sustainable future. Many more argue that revising spending and consumption habits as the proponents of voluntary simplicity suggest will in fact destroy Our current standard of livi ng. The challenge that Affluent so nicely poses for the latter group is whether society should choose to emphasize quantity or quality of life.

Physical Education and Its Benefits

Physical education should be an integral part of the curriculum. It is amazing that schools can compromise physical education with all its benefits. Schools in particular know the benefits of physical education in a student’s life and should be able to fight for the children’s rights. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Physical Education and Its Benefits specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Physical exercise promotes blood circulation in the body especially in the brain and such activity works to reduce stress and improve on mood and attitude of the student as work without play makes Jack a dull boy. Moreover studies have proved that physically active children achieve more in class. The national association for sports and physical education recommend at least sixty minutes of exercise daily or for most days of the week. Statistics show that over ten million children aged between six and nineteen are over weight in the United States. Among the adolescents, the number of the over weights toady is four times than in the last decade; a very alarming rate. The dangers of being overweight are too adverse to be true. Some of the health risks associated with obesity and overweight are polygenic disorders like pre-diabetes and diabetes, heart diseases, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, apnea and many more. Additionally, nutritionists say that an obese child is likely to be an obese adult. The fact that fat cells are capable of increasing in number during childhood but in adulthood the body system can only work to fill the existing ones and not to form new ones supports this claim. Obesity is a major health concern in most of the countries and especially in the US as aforementioned. Obesity is hard to manage not mentioning its health related risks; it calls for specialist medical care, which is very expensive to a given country; therefore, nations cannot afford to cut down the programs that hel p to manage and/or prevent obesity. Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With most foods working to accumulate fats in the body and the changes in lifestyle, policy makers cannot ignore this pertinent issue. Physical exercise in schools should draw their support from family members, the society and the government. The government should set aside money for physical exercises in particular in the national budget as it does not only affect the students positively but also saves the country’s economy greatly for a ‘sick’ nation is an unproductive nation. There are other benefits associated with physical education, which should compel parents and the government to embrace the activity. Physical activity improves on the students overall confidence; for instance, performing in the field instills courage in the student. In addition, many students learn of their talent s in school sports most of whom secure sporting jobs internationally which is beneficial to the individual student, the parents and the nation and this underscores the need to revive this dying yet necessary activity. Physical activity also promotes a healthy lifestyle in adulthood. Students grow into responsible citizens who influence their children positively; the best news is that this behavior passes from generation to generation hence giving rise to a healthy nation. Hygiene and sex education are part of the physical education curriculum. These work together to give birth to an all round person. Another virtue learnt is teamwork as most sports in schools are holistic and this promotes the spirit of unity in a student’s life. The factors above would be lost if the government does not intervene to save the dying physical education. Schools will not be a place of molding one into a responsible citizen, as the curriculum would be incomplete without physical education.Advert ising We will write a custom essay sample on Physical Education and Its Benefits specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Physical Education and Its Benefits was written and submitted by user Kallie F. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

poverty and social structure essays

poverty and social structure essays Although the United States is one of the richest countries in the world many of it's people sleep in the streets, dig through garbage cans to find food, and carry all that they own in this world on their backs or in shopping carts. These people are known as the homeless. Recently I had the opportunity of helping, and at the same time being educated by one of the members of this unfortunate group. I was able to experience first hand how a homeless person thinks and feels through an intimate means of communications popularly known as writing notes. Why writing notes? Because the individual that I invited into my home and fed was both deaf and mute. He was male, middle aged, and of African American decent. Needless to say it was a "conversation" unlike any I have ever had. In this paper, I plan to detail the observations I made during our interaction, specifically addressing how social structures form a key element in both the lives of the affluent and indigent. I met Reggie through some of my friends. He was homeless and in need of help. One night he knocked on my door and wrote on his piece of paper, "may I come in?" I nodded affirmatively and motioned him to have a seat on the couch. After retrieving a pad of paper and pen, we began to communicate. We began with a couple of trivial questions and then I asked if he would like something to eat. He responded by writing "yes please" on his pad of paper and I quickly prepared some of the food we had in our refrigerator. As he ate, I asked him about himself and how he had arrived at the position he was currently in. He said he was from Virginia and was Mormon. He had been baptized there and learned that there were a large number of Mormons in Utah, and for that reason decided to move to out here. He had a car and so he packed his few belongings and came out to live with a people "who had the love of Christ and would be more accepting." He obtained a minimum wage job a...

Domestic Violence in New York City Research Paper

Domestic Violence in New York City - Research Paper Example Though the United States of America is a developed country where women’s freedom and equality is highly valued, the problem is rampant in this nation also. While the problem is highly significant as a social and legal issue, more important is its impact on the society as a challenging public health issue of far reaching consequences. The gravity of the problem can be understood from the fact that during 2005, â€Å"1,181 women† have been killed by an â€Å"intimate partner† and that females sustain â€Å"two million injuries from intimate partner violence each year† (The Facts on Domestic, Dating and Sexual Violence, 2009, p.1). Apart from the women who suffer due to the direct consequences of domestic violence, the children and other family members are also affected by domestic violence. However, most importantly, this menace is a serious public health problem which can have significant impacts on the community. The relevance of domestic violence as a maj or public health issue can be evidenced from the fact that females who become victims of this menace are â€Å"80 percent more likely† to suffer from a stroke and â€Å"70 percent more likely† to develop heart diseases (p.2). In addition, evidence also suggests that such women are more prone to diseases like asthma besides the possibility to â€Å"drink heavily† (p.2). In this context, it needs to be appreciated that healthcare costs can have a damaging effect not only on the family budget but also on community funding because when the government has to spend heavily on free medical services to those affected by domestic violence, the resources to be spent on developmental activities will be reduced. This becomes evident from the fact that New York State alone has spent â€Å"$227 million in 2005† on domestic violence, which could otherwise have been spent on developmental activities for the state (City Spending on Domestic Violence: A Review, 2007, p.1). In the specific context of the New York community, it transpires that as of 2005, nearly â€Å"13 percent of all murders† in this city are attributed to domestic violence and the total number of reported incidents comes to â€Å"226,000† (p.2). As stated before, the state spends a hefty sum on combating the problem and the expense primarily goes to â€Å"emergency social services† to females who fall victim to the menace, cost of law enforcement, preventive measures as well as other long term services (p.2). Healthcare is the most basic of the emergency social services provided to victims of domestic violence and community nurses have a key role to play in this effort. The service also needs to focus on preventing the recurrence of the incidence of domestic violence as well as â€Å"programs that assist victims† (p.2). Again, community health nurses have a significant role as a conduit between the healthcare systems and the victims or their families. Als o they can play a pivotal role in creating awareness about the problem within the community. Identifying potential families and providing counseling to them by the public healthcare nurses can go a long way in preventing recurrences. From the evidence emerging from various published materials, it transpires that domestic violence is a major public healthcare issue in the United States in general and New York State in particular. The problem not only costs heavy expenditure on an individual or family level but also places a hefty onus on the state as a result of which funding on developmental