Teen Pregnancy Advocacy free essay sample

Adolescent Pregnancy Advocacy Project Proposal Families with teenagers and puberty are confronted with numerous social issues just as basic medical issues. There are families inside our general public that contain an uncommon total known as in danger adolescents. One issue or worry that exists for this total gathering is early pregnancy. The rate where juvenile females are conceiving an offspring in the United States (U. S. ) has diminished in the course of recent years. In any case, the U. S. teenager pregnancy rate keeps on being as much as multiple times higher than other created nations (Morbidity And Mortality Weekly Report, 2011). Each people group in the United States (U. S. ) is contained families. Albeit every family has an alternate arrangement of qualities, ethics and social convictions, numerous nuclear families include young people. Every nuclear family can possibly be presented to or turn into a piece of the marvels of unintended youthful pregnancy. The U. S. adolescent pregnancy rate keeps on being as much as multiple times higher than other created nations (Morbidity And Mortality Weekly Report, 2011). Factual data in regards to this total gathering shows the recurrence of teenager pregnancy in the United States just as in the African-American people group. Expanded paces of youngster pregnancy additionally builds the event of preterm birth, newborn child mortality and, low birth weight. Besides, juvenile females who conceive an offspring are bound to encounter financial difficulties including yet not constrained to inability to finish secondary school training, low financial standing (Morbidity And Mortality Weekly Report, 2011). The posterity of youthful guardians will in general have unexpected weakness, low subjective turn of events, experience low instructive accomplishment and, posterity experience expanded paces of juvenile pregnancy (Jutte, Roos, Brownell, Briggs, MacWilliam Roos, 2010). Negative wellbeing dangers and results are not constrained to earliest stages. Studies have indicated that death paces of youngsters between the ages of six through seventeen years of age, destined to juvenile females, was expanded. Also, the expanded pace of hospitalization of these youngsters proceeded through pre-adulthood (Jutte et al. , 2010). Network Health Plan Overview Advocacy is the utilization of data and assets to make sorted out changes that impact the way network individuals or totals live. The expectation of backing is to address the personal satisfaction for the two totals just as network individuals (Stanhope Lancaster, 2010). Christoffel’s applied backing structure is utilized to order the promotion endeavors network wellbeing medical caretakers can take. The reasonable structure for promotion happens utilizing three phases: data, technique and activity (Stanhope Lancaster, 2010). This idea adjusts the stages successively in any case, in day by day practice, the stages happen at the same time. The data stage portrays the exercises used to characterize, depict and measure the medical issue. The methodology stage alludes to the utilization of gained information and data to distinguish territories requiring change or intercession for the improvement of wellbeing. The activity stage is the exercises utilized in execution of methodologies (Stanhope Lancaster, 2010). Christoffel’s calculated backing system is a valuable apparatus for making an activity plan for the anticipation of pregnancy among the total gathering, in danger adolescents. The people group wellbeing medical caretaker would use the three phases of the applied model to make and execute exercises. Initially, during the data stage, the network wellbeing attendant will lead examination to distinguish and accumulate information with respect to the in danger puberty. The information gathered will comprise of insights about the wellbeing worries of early pregnancy, the examples of event of early pregnancy just as distinguished dangers. Also, this stage will plot program adequacy at each degree of counteraction just as boundaries to the viability of programming. During the procedure stage the network wellbeing medical caretaker will disperse the information accumulated to experts, proficient associations, people and other people who are legitimately or in a roundabout way influenced by or subsidiary with the total gathering or the wellbeing concerns. This data discharged will plot goals just as set up schedules. Additionally, the arrival of data will aid the activation of associations and gatherings to help in the advancement of strategies to advance required changes. This stage will create the data required for strategy proclamations, instructive crusades in the media and print battles with respect to the in danger youngster and early pregnancy. At last, the activity phase of the activity plan will comprise of the network wellbeing medical attendant executing explicit methodologies to change mentalities, changing wellbeing propensities and dispensing assets that can have a beneficial outcome upon early pregnancy among youthfulness. The people group wellbeing attendant will connect with individuals from the political field and teach in regards to the totals medical problem and necessities. Also, the network wellbeing medical attendant will assemble the important monetary assets required for programing. Notwithstanding making sure about assets, the network attendant will determine strategies and made point by point layouts of the different courses of events related with the program. Social Marketing Providing people group wellbeing projects to a network or total is a positive development. Notwithstanding, the network or total must comprehend the significance of wellbeing related practices just as the requirement for taking part in the mediations intended to change negative wellbeing practices. Social advertising gives the devices important to spur the network or total toward wellbeing advancement and avoidance exercises and projects (Aras, 2011). Social Marketing is fundamental to the achievement of any network promotion program. Social showcasing is the way toward utilizing advertising standards and procedures to permit program designers make, impart, and convey esteem and to impact partners practices that advantage the strength of or satisfy the wellbeing needs of a network or total (Aras, 2011). The accomplishment of social showcasing of a network support program is needy upon the advancement of the correct item to satisfy the wellbeing needs connected with the network or total distinguished. In addition, offering programs at the correct cost, in the ideal spot, with the correct system for advancement, and with supporting strategies impacts the accomplishment of backing programs (Aras, 2011). The correct item to satisfy the wellbeing needs connected with the total, in danger young people, incorporates the contribution of wellbeing advancement practices, portrayal of the advantages of those practices, and the contribution of steady administrations to encourage the utilization of new practices. While simultaneously, the cost of the program depicts the adolescent’s cost of changing wellbeing practices or executing intercessions. Offering projects and administrations to the pre-adult in the correct spot remembers offering administrations for spots of accommodation just as spots inside their usual range of familiarity. In addition, the correct procedure for elevating administrations to teenagers incorporates imparting the motivation behind the program that makes it natural, satisfactory, and attractive to them. Quantifiable results Assessments to gauge the result of learning incorporate developmental and summative evaluations. Developmental evaluations are utilized to alter or adjust the learning and instructional condition during the execution of a program. While simultaneously, summative appraisals are intended to assess the information or absence of information on the program members (Pellegrino, 2010). Related practices and hazard factors that add to high schooler pregnancy are various. Hazard factors for early pregnancy incorporate segment factors, sociocultural variables, mental development and, intellectual development. Related practices that expansion hazard for early pregnancy incorporate early sexual movement, substance use and misuse, savagery and friend impacts (Talashek, Alba Patel, 2006). Quantifiable results for the juvenile pregnancy avoidance program remember the decrease for early sexual action and the decrease of substance use and maltreatment among program members. Developmental and summative appraisal that can be used for the assessment of program results incorporate finish of-unit tests, end-of-program tests, standards and objective setting, and self-evaluation (Pellegrino, 2010). End-of-unit tests permit program facilitators to assess the information and training picked up by program members adhering to each period of guidance. Besides, these tests offer the chance to distinguish and readdress ideas that were not completely gotten a handle on. Program facilitators can manage end-of-program tests to decide the information picked up and the degree of conduct changes executed by program members at the hour of program end. This appraisal permits facilitators to decide of program members have picked up the vital instruments expected to proceed with wellbeing advancing practices. Models and objective setting with program members includes them in the guidance and learning process by creating clear desires. Besides, self-appraisal permits the program member to consider past, present and future wellbeing related practices which will expand the degree of inclusion in learning exercises. Effect on Public Policy The achievement of a teenager pregnancy counteraction program will affect general wellbeing strategy. The effect incorporates yet isn't restricted to expanded government funded training with respect to explicitly transmitted infection, expanded open contribution of contraceptives just as expanded responsibility for states to forestall adolescent pregnancy. End Although the high schooler pregnancy rate in the U. S. keeps on being high contrasted with its partners over the globe, incredible steps are being made to kill this pestilence. The utilization of t

The Explanatory Gap: The Responses of Horgan and Papineau Essay

The Explanatory Gap: The Responses of Horgan and Papineau The what it resembles to experience an encounter is fundamental to understanding that experience. Referred to by thinkers as emotional qualia, these attributes are a piece of what makes a felt experience precisely that experience. In the event that we introspect our own psychological states, this appears to be evident and indisputable. Most scholars are reluctant to concede that emotional qualia are non-physical states, and endeavors to confront this issue and keep up physicalism must address contentions from qualia. While contrasting physical clarifications for these abstract qualia exist, I will just quickly allude to them here as qualia will serve just as a methods for driving the peruser to the Explanatory Gap(1). The Explanatory Gap is a particularly baffling issue for physicalist ways of thinking of psyche. The felt characteristics of any experience, notwithstanding being fundamental to and indistinguishable from that very experience, are additionally perspectivally abstract. This implies the experiencer must experience those felt characteristics now or have felt them at some past time and be reviewing them to have a full idea of the wonders. Maybe this philosophical language will be progressively reasonable with instances of what is actually another promptly evident thought Could an individual know the horrendousness of torment in the event that she was conceived without the ability to feel any agonies? Could an individual encounter the particular delight of strawberries and Champagne while never having had this precise experience? It is hard to deny that emotional qualia are perspectivally exceptional. One would confront apparently preposterous prospects, for example, feeling another person's agonies, and not having any emotional character to your own wonderful experienc... ... from Kripke by Joseph Levine, Realism And Qualia: The Explanatory Gap, Pacific Philosophic Quarterly, Vol. 64, eds. Hartry Field, Barbara Herman, Brian Loar, Miles Morgan, 1983; p.359. 8 This passage and the following are a summarization of Terence Horgan, Jackson On Physical Information And Qualia Philosophical Quarterly, 34: (1984) 147-52. 9 David Papineau's position is taken from part 4 of his book Philosophical Naturalism, entitled Cognizance and the Antipathetic Fallacy. I obtained this from the internet @ http://www.kcl.ac.uk/kis/schools/murmurs/reasoning/ch4.html, however it was distributed in print in 1993. 10 Ibid., this association is made in a commentary by Papineau to Horgan on the eighth page of part 4 (I am apprehensive I don't have the foggiest idea about the printed adaptation's page number). 11 Ibid., page 11 of part 4. 12 Ibid., page 18 of part 4.

Find Out Why Term Paper Help Is So Important

Find Out Why Term Paper Help Is So ImportantGetting help with your term paper can be helpful for your writing efforts. Although you may have your ideas down, you need to turn them into words and phrases that make sense when they are put together in a long term paper. With the right guidance, you can be sure to write an essay that is well written and is able to stand on its own. But getting assistance can be difficult if you don't know where to look.You might need help from a writing tutor. These tutors are usually devoted people who are willing to help students get the best out of their writing experiences. Tutors are often able to help you by explaining to you what it is you need to do, and by helping you to get a better understanding of the subject matter.Others can help you by editing your essay for you. Some students who learn from their mistakes can make their essay appear far better. Editors usually charge a fee for their editing services but this doesn't mean that they are goi ng to be any less helpful.Students who are struggling can also benefit from getting some editing help. Editors can help you edit your essay into something that will be more usable. Editing can be a great way to show improvement and a person who need to improve themselves might want to consider this help.If you're just trying to write a term paper that will go along with a course, a tutor may not be able to help you much. In fact, if you're too far behind to write papers on your own, you should try to find someone who can help you out. You can use the internet to find tutors who might be able to help you out.You should also consider taking some sort of test before writing your essay. This is especially true if you're not a computer savvy person. Taking an essay test on paper is quite helpful in ensuring that your essay won't be a waste of time.Some people can even help you by coming up with questions for you to answer. Not all tutors are qualified to come up with these questions, but you can get some good ones online. By answering the questions, you will be able to enhance your knowledge of the topic.Writing a term paper is a lot easier than most people think. Many people realize that they don't need to seek out any outside help with their papers. If you take the time to prepare and turn your work into a worthwhile one, then you don't need any outside help.

Remodeling Ideas for a Ho-Hum Ranch Style House

Compare and Contrast the Subcultures of Hip Hop and Punk

Compare and Contrast of Subcultures: Hip Hop and Punk South University Online Compare and Contrast of Subcultures: Hip Hop and Punk Differences in beliefs and values from what the â€Å"norm† considers the right way makes you a subculture, but what makes them unique are the instruments they use to make their voice heard. While most people have taken for granted their language, beliefs and values there are some who within their subculture use their music to escape forms of oppression and lack of freedom. Hip Hop and Punk are two large subcultures that are well known through out the world. There are many differences between Hip Hop and Punk and several contributing factors that shape these subcultures but ultimately each one’s existence†¦show more content†¦Symbols are defined by Kendall (2011) as anything that meaningfully represents something else, and can simultaneously produce loyalty and animosity, and love and hate. Hip hop symbols include a microphone, which is an important tool that makes their voice of change heard. Turn tables and speakers, hip hop uses these objects to make their music different and stand out. Punk symbols include, a guitar, which is the instrument used to make the music that accompanies the message. Stages are another symbol of the punk subculture which serves as a platform to perform the message of music. Each symbol produces love and loyalty within the subcultures while gaining hate and animosity from those being exposed. The information that has been provided about the subcultures of Hip Hop and Punk shows there are many differences between Hip Hop and Punk and several contributing factors that shape these subcultures but ultimately each one’s existence serves a similar purpose: a form of escape and expression. Prior to research, I was an outsider looking in on the two subcultures. Assumed no similarity at all, but I learned, when you take a deeper look and explore the pages they are different books carrying the same message. References Kendall (2011). Sociology in OurShow MoreRelatedEffects of Rap Music on Crime14002 Words   |  57 PagesListening to Rap: Cultures of Crime, Cultures of Resistance Julian Tanner, University of Toronto Mark Asbridge, Dalhousie University Scot Wortley, University of Toronto This research compares representations of rap music with the self-reported criminal behavior and resistant attitudes of the music’s core audience. Our database is a large sample of Toronto high school students (n = 3,393) from which we identify a group of listeners, whose combination of musical likes and dislikes distinguish them

Blockbuster Inc a Strategy and Competitive Analysis

Blockbuster Inc: A Strategy and Competitive Analysis April 27, 2007 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Blockbuster History 4 Competition and the State of the Rental Industry 5 The Strategy to Remain Competitive 6 Economic Factors 10 Supply Chain Strategy 11 Sales, Service and Promotion Strategy 13 Conclusion 16 Appendix 17 Exhibit 1 Blockbuster SWOT Analysis 17 Exhibit 2 17 Blockbuster Video Facts 17 Hollywood Video Facts 17 Netflix Facts 17 Exhibit 3 U.S. Home Video Industry: Historical Statistics†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦19 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦20 Introduction Blockbuster Video is facing many challenges in trying to remain†¦show more content†¦Blockbuster has lost significant amounts of money in recent years: $1.6 billion in 2002, almost $1.0 billion in 2003, and $1.2 billion in 2004. The past few years, Blockbuster has been busy reinventing itself for a future in which video rentals may be on the way out. Competition and the State of the Rental Industry Technological and market evolution is finally catching up with the brick and mortar movie rental business. With all the new sources of competition available, Internet subscription services (Netflix), cheap DVDs at Wal-Mart, online movie download services, cable and satellite movie channels plus video-on-demand, Telco entry into the video business, it’s no wonder that Blockbuster and Hollywood Video are struggling. In 2005, Joe Flint and Kate Kelly reported in the Wall Street Journal that â€Å"Blockbuster Inc. is facing new pressures as signs increase that a sharp decline in the video-rental market is putting a strain on the company’s finances.† The company’s stock prices fell by 9.7% in late 2005, hitting a low of $4.60 per share. 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Consumer As Segmentation Essay Example For Students

Consumer As Segmentation Essay 1. IntroductionOrganizations that sell to consumer and business markets recognize that they cannot appeal to all buyers in those markets or at least not to all buyers in the same way. Buyers are too numerous, too widely scattered and too varied in their needs and buying practices. Companies vary widely in their abilities to serve different segments of the market. Rather than trying to compete in an entire market, sometimes against superior competitors, each company must identify the parts of the market that it can serve best. Segmentation is thus a compromise between the rash assumption that all people are the same and the uneconomic assumption that each person needs a dedicated marketing effort. Within this essay, it is going to present the main considerations of the market segmentation, as well as the influence of consumer behaviour. 2. Concepts of the market segmentationMarkets consist of buyers, and buyers differ in one or more ways. They may differ in their wants, resources, loc ation, buying attitudes, and buying practices. Through market segmentation, companies divide large, heterogeneous markets into smaller segments that can be reached more efficiently with products and services that match their unique needs. 3. How to segment marketBecause buyers have unique needs and wants, each buyer is potentially a separate market. Ideally, then, a seller might design a separate marketing programme for each buyer. However, most sellers face larger numbers of small buyers and do not find complete segmentation worthwhile. Instead, they look for broad classes of buyers who differ in their product needs or buying responses. For example, high- and low- income groups differ in their car-buying needs and wants. It also knows that young consumers need and wants differ form those of older consumers. The task facing the marketing manager is to identity variable that describe the customers in terms of their inherent characteristics, and to link those variables to consumer behavior toward the product or service. The market segmentation planning process can be divided into five stages. Stage 1 involves the identification of dimensions that a company might use for segmenting its markets. Stage2 is concerned with t he development of market segment profiles. Stage 3 is where the organization needs to forecast the total market potential for each segment. Within this stage, an analysis of competitive forces operation within each segment should be carried out as well as the definition of the marketing mix designed to serve each market segment. Stge4 deals with the application of forecasting procedures in order to calculate the companys market share for each segment. During this stage, the company should also estimate the ratio between allocated costs and delivered benefits for each market segment. Stage 5 includes the assessment of delivered benefits from each segment in relation to corporate goals, which will provide the rationale and justification for further development of each market segment. This market segmentation decision process cycles is completed when the company decides on the selection of market target segment. 4. The bases of market segmentationThere is no single way to segment a market. A marketer has to try different segmentation variables, to find the best way to view the market structure. Some researchers try to form segments by looking at consumers characteristics. They commonly use geographic, demographic, and psychographic characteristic. Then they examine whether these customer segments exhibit different needs or product responses. Other researches try to form segments by looking at consumer responses to benefits sought, use occasions, or brands. Once the segments are formed, the researcher sees whether different consumer characteristics are associated with each consumer- response segment. 1. Geographic segmentationGeographic segmentation calls for dividing the market into different geographical units such as nations, regions, stated, counties, cities, or neighborhoods. A company may decide to operate in one or a few geographical areas, or to operate in all areas but pay attention to geographical differences in needs and wants. Bally?s Total Fitness EssayUSER STATUS Some markets segment into nonusers, ex-users, potential users, first-time users and regular users of a product. Potential users and regular users may require different kinds of marketing appeals. A companys market position will also influence its focus. Market share leaders will aim to attract potential users, whereas smaller firms will focus on attraction current users away from the market leader. ATTITUDE TOWARDS PRODUCT People in a market can be enthusiastic, positive, indifferent, negative or hostile about a product. Door-to-door workers in a political campaign use a given voters attitude to determine how much time to spend with that voter. They thank enthusiastic voters and remind them to vote; they spend little or not time trying to change the attitudes can be effective segmentation variables. BUYER-READINESS STAGE A market consists of people in different stages of readiness to buy a product. Some people are unaware of the product; some are aware; some are informed; some are interested; some want the product; and some intend to buy. The relative numbers at each stage make a big difference in designing the marketing programme. 5. ConclusionIt also has been proofed that market segmentation is a complex and dangerous activity in the sense that the process of choosing of variables, their measurement and their implementation leaves plenty of scope for poor management and disappointment. However, it is still important to remember the potential benefits to be gained, whether looking at the customer, the marketing mix or the competition. The customer could find products that seem to fit more closely with what they want. The marketing mix should itself be a product of understanding the customer. Market segmentation helps the organisation to target its marketing mix more closely on the potential customer, and thus to meet the customers needs and wants more exactly. Furthermore, the use of segmentation will help the organisation to achieve a better understanding of itself and the environment within which it exists. BibliographyChisnall, Peter M., Peter Michael, Consumer behavior 3rd ed. London : McGraw-Hill, 1995Runyon, Kenneth E.. Consumer behaviour and the practice of marketing 3rd ed. London : Merrill, 1987Leon G. Schiffman, Leslie Lazar Kanuk Consumer behaviour. 5th ed.. London : Prentice-Hall, 1994Assael, Henry. Consumer behavior and marketing action. 6th ed. South-Western College Publishing, 1998Tull, Donald S., Donald Stanley. Marketing research: measurement and method: a text with cases / Donald S.. 6th ed. New Jersey : Prentice Hall, 1993Baker, Michael J., Michael John, Marketing strategy and management 2nd ed. Basingstoke : Macmillan, 1992Peter, J. Paul. Consumer behaviour and marketing strategy. European ed. London : McGraw-Hill, 1999Kotler, Philip. Marketing management. 7e . Paris: Publi-Union, 1992Cannon, Tom. Basic marketing: principles and practice. 3rd ed. London : Cassell Educational, 1992. Chisnall, Peter M., Peter Michael, Marketing research. 4th ed. London : McGraw-Hill, 1992Jain, Subhash C. Marketing planning ; strategy. 4th ed. College Division, South-Western Publishing Co, 1993Foxall,G Foxall,J. Consumer Behaviour. 2nd. UK: Int Th Bus Press, 1998East, Robert. Consumer behaviour: advances and applications in marketing. London : Prentice Hall, 1997Marketing and Advertising

When One Takes A Look At The World In Which He Currently Essays

When one takes a look at the world in which he currently lives, he sees it as being normal since it is so slow in changing. When an historian looks at the present, he sees the effects of many events and many wise people. Benjamin Franklin is one of these people. His participation in so many different fields changed the world immensely. He was a noted politician as well as respected scholar. He was an important inventor and scientist. Particularly interesting is the impact on the scientific world. Benjamin Franklin was a modest man who had had many jobs in his lifetime. This may help explain his large array of inventions and new methods of working various jobs. He did everything from making cabbage-growing more efficient to making political decisions to being the first person to study and chart the Gulf Stream movement in the Atlantic Ocean. Franklin was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on January 17, 1706. He was the fifteenth child in a family of seventeen kids. His parents, Josiah and Abiah Franklin, were hard working devout Puritan/Calvinist people. Josiah Franklin made candles for a living. Since the Franklins were so poor, little Benjamin couldn't afford to go to school for longer than two years. In those two years, however, Franklin learned to read which opened the door to further education for him. Since he was only a fair writer and had very poor mathematical skills, he worked to tutor himself at home. Benjamin Franklin was a determined young man. As a boy, he taught himself to be a very good writer. He also learned basic algebra and geometry, navigation, grammar, logic, and natural and physical science. He partially mastered French, German, Italian, Spanish, and Latin. He was soon to be named the best educated man in the country. When he was 12-years-old, he was apprentice to his brother in printing. Benjamin's brother founded the second newspaper in America. Many people told him that one newspaper was enough for America and that the paper would soon collapse. On the contrary, it became very popular. Occasionally, young Benjamin would write an article to be printed and slip it under the printing room's door signed as "Anonymous". The following is a direct quote from Franklin's Autobiography. It describes his writing the articles as a boy. "He (Benjamin's older brother) had some ingenious men among his friends, who amus'd themselves by writing little pieces for this paper, which gain'd it credit and made it more in demand, and these gentlemen often visited us. Hearing their conversations, and their accounts of the approbation their papers were received with, I was excited to try my hand among them; but, being still a boy, and suspecting that my brother would object to printing anything of mine in his paper if he knew it to be mine, I contrived to disguise my hand, and, writing an anonymous paper, I put it in at night under the door of the printing-house. It was found in the morning, and communicated to his writing friends when they call'd in as usual. They read it, commented on it in my hearing, and I had the exquisite pleasure of finding it met with their approbation, and that, in their different guesses at the author, none were named but men of some character among us for learning and ingenuity. I suppose n! ow that I was rather lucky in my judges, and that perhaps they were not really so very good ones as I then esteem'd them." Benjamin liked the printer's job but couldn't stand being told what to do all of the time. He desperately felt the need to be his own boss. That day would come. In 1730, Franklin married Deborah Read, who was the daughter of the first Philadelphia landlady. Read was not nearly so well educated as her husband. In old letters that she had written to him, there are many misspellings and improper punctuation marks. They were a very happy couple despite their differences. They eventually had two boys and one girl. One of the boys, William, became governor of New Jersey. When Franklin was 21-years-old, he began his career as a civic leader by organizing a club of aspiring tradesmen called the Junto, which met each week for discussion and planning. They hoped to build their own businesses, insure the growth of Philadelphia, and improve the quality of its life. Franklin led the University of Junto in founding a library in 1731, the first ever American fire company in 1736, a learned society in 1743, a college (the University of Pennsylvania) in 1749, and an insurance

Profile of Charles Starkweather, 1950s Spree Killer

Profile of Charles Starkweather, 1950s Spree Killer Charles Starkweather had all the makings of growing up to be a respectable man, but greed, resentments, and jealousy ate at his soul and turned him into a cold-blooded killer that murdered at will during an eight-day killing spree. With his 14-year-old girlfriend at his side, the two killed anyone that got in their way, regardless of their relationship to their victims. Childhood Years Starkweather was born on November 29, 1938, in Lincoln, Nebraska to Guy and Helen Starkweather. Unlike many serial killers, Starkweather grew up in a modest and respectable home with hardworking parents who provided for their seven children. Those who knew Charles as a child described him as well behaved and mild-mannered, as were all the Starkweather children. It was not until Charles started school that a deadly monster inside of him began to grow. Elementary School Years Born with genu varum, also known as bow-legged, Starkweather had to endure some early challenges. He also developed a speech impediment and was teased by his classmates. Suffering from undiagnosed severe myopia, which prevented him from being able to see objects twenty feet away, Starkweather was labeled as a poor student and perceived as being slow by his teachers, despite his 110 IQ. It wasnt until he was 15 that his inability to see was diagnosed, but it was too late for Charles, who was already severely lacking in primary education. Middle School Years Starkweather was one of the kids that sat in the back of the class, distracted and seemingly annoyed by having to be there. But when it came to gym time, his self-esteem shined. Physically he had developed into a robust and coordinated athlete. That could have been a positive factor in his life. Instead, Starkweather became one of the school bullies who his fellow students feared. As he grew older anyone who appeared better than him, regardless of if he knew them, was a possible victim of his quick kicks and hard fists. High School Drop Out At the age of 16, Starkweather dropped out of ninth grade and worked at a warehouse. He developed a passion for fast cars and renegade attitudes. Around this time James Dean hit the big screen in the movie classics, East of Eden and Rebel Without a Cause. Starkweather identified with James Deans role as Jim Start, the troubled and rebellious teenager. He started dressing like Dean with tight jeans, slicked-back hair and cowboy boots. Starkweather embraced the hood persona and all the attitudes that went with it. He had developed into a moody, ego-driven defensive trouble maker who had little control over his quick temper and brewing rage. Caril Fugate Caril Fugate was the 13-year-old younger sister of Starkweathers best friends girlfriend. The four began double dating, and the young impressionable Caril became infatuated with her James Dean look-alike boyfriend. Starkweather was equally infatuated with Caril. She was pretty, as rebellious as he was and she adored him. What little money Starkweather made was spent on keeping Caril happy. It did not take long for the word to get around that Caril was his, and anyone else who might be interested would be risking their lives to pursue her. He left his job at the warehouse after several run-ins with his boss and began working as a trash collector. He liked the job better. It allowed him more time to see Caril after she got out of school, something Carils parents did not like. When rumors circulated that Starkweather and Caril were going to get married and that she was pregnant the Fugates decided to stop the relationship. This did little to deter the two. They continued to see each other. The Unobtainable Starkweathers life was falling apart. His father had kicked him out of the house after the two argued over an accident that Caril had in a car that he and his father owned together. Carils parents totally rejected Starkweather and forbade their daughter from seeing him. He lost his job as a sanitation worker and got locked out of his room for not paying his rent. It is at this point that the depressed and frustrated Starkweather decided that he had no future, but what little future he did have was going to be spent with Caril Fugate and all the material things that up to now had been unobtainable. First Murder On December 1, 1957, Robert Colvert, 21, was working at his job at the Crest gas station, when Starkweather robbed, kidnapped, then shot him in the back of the head on a dirt road outside of Lincoln, Nebraska. The day before Colvert had refused credit to Starkweather who was short on cash and wanted to buy Fugate a stuffed animal. This hurt Starkweathers pride, and he wanted to get even. He could also use the $108 that he robbed from the station. As far as killing Colvert, in Starkweathers mind, the kid deserved it. He shouldnt have humiliated him the day before by refusing him credit. The following day Starkweather told Fugate about the murder. She did not end the relationship after hearing the news. For Starkweather, this was a sign that their relationship was forever sealed. What was going through the mind of Starkweather in the weeks before January 21, 1958, is not known, but the pressure of having to one day face the consequences for murdering Colvert were surely mounting. But now with the monster inside of him unleashed, there would be no going back to his normal, dismal life. The Bartlett Family According to Starkweather, on January 21 he decided to try to mend his relationship with Fugates parents. He went over to their house to invite her stepfather Marion Bartlett to go hunting. He also brought Fugates mother Velda Bartlett two pieces of carpet. The Bartletts, who believed that their young daughter was pregnant by Starkweather, were not swayed by his good intentions and an argument broke out. Starkweather became unhinged and shot Velda in the face and Marion in the back of the head. The Bartletts daughter (Fugates sister), two-and-a-half-year-old Betty Jean, was also not spared. Starkweather shut off her frightened cries by slashing her repeatedly in the throat with a knife. Then to make certain no one survived the massacre, he stabbed all of his victims again. He then put Veldas body inside the commode of the family outhouse. He put Betty Jeans body inside a box of garbage and also placed her in the outhouse. Marions body was left on the floor of the chicken coup. Life Goes On Starkweather and Fugate lived in her dead parents house like a couple honeymooning for the next six days. To those who stopped by they were greeted with a handwritten note stuck on the front door that said, Stay away Every Body is sick with the Flue. Friends and family of the Bartletts werent buying the flu note, and after a lot of persistence the police did a physical search of the home and found the bodies, but not before Starkweather and Fugate had fled. August Meyer Now on the run, Starkweather, and Fugate weaved through back roads and made it to Bennet, Nebraska, where August Meyer, 70, and a long time friend of the Starkweather family lived. As they made their way up the rough dirt road that led to Meyers farm their car got stuck in the  snow. The couple abandoned it and continued on foot to the old mans house. What transpired afterward is unclear, except that Starkweather and Meyer got into a confrontation and Meyer ended up dead from a shotgun blast that removed a large portion of his head. Well fed from food from Meyers kitchen and loaded up with the dead mans guns and whatever cash they could find, Starkweather and Fugate headed by foot to the nearest main road. If they were to survive, they needed to get their hands on a car. Robert Jensen, Jr. and Carol King The couple hitched a ride with Robert Jensen, Jr., 17, and 16-year-old Carol King. Without wasting any time, Starkweather forced Jensen to go to a torn down school that was nearby. The terrified couple was led to a storm cellar. There Starkweather shot Jensen six times in the head and King once in the head. When the police discovered the young couple, it was noted that Kings pants had been pulled down and her genitals had been slashed, but there were no signs that she had been sexually assaulted. Starkweather later said that Fugate was responsible for the slashing. She thought Starkweather was sexually attracted to King and acted out of jealousy. A Strange Turn of Events As more of Starkweathers victims were discovered the manhunt for the fugitives intensified. At first, Starkweather talked about going out of state to Washington, but for some strange reason the couple turned Jensens car around and headed back to Lincoln. They passed by Fugates family home, but when they spotted the police cars that surrounded the house, they headed to the more affluent side of town where the rich lived. The Wards and Lilian Fencil Starkweather was familiar with the big homes that lined the streets from his days as a trash collector. One of the wealthiest homes belonged to C. Lauer Ward, 47, and his wife Clara Ward, also 47. Ward was the president of the Capital Bridge Company and the Capital Steel Company and one of the wealthiest men in town. On January 30, 1958, now eight days on the run, Starkweather, and Fugate forced their way into the Ward home. Inside were Clara and their live-in maid Lilian Fencl. Starkweather told the women that they had nothing to fear, then ordered Clara to fix breakfast. He liked being waited on by the woman whose trash he had collected so often. He then tied each of the women up in separate rooms and stabbed them to death. Annoyed by Claras barking poodle, he crushed the dogs neck with his rifle, leaving it alive to suffer. When C. Lauer Ward returned home from work, he met with the same fate as his wife and Fencil. Starkweather shot him dead. The F.B.I. Starkweather and Fugate loaded up C. Lauer Wards 1956 black Packard with supplies and decided to get out of town. When the Wards bodies were discovered the Governor put the F.B.I. and the National Guard on the case to stop the fugitives. Merle Collison Starkweather decided that they needed to get rid of Packard after hearing descriptions of them and the car on the radio. Merle Collison was a traveling shoe salesman who decided to pull off on a side road for a nap just outside of Douglas, Wyoming. Starkweather spotted the napping man, pulled over and woke him up. He demanded that Collinson switch cars with him, but the salesman refused. Not having time to argue, Starkweather shot him in the head nine times. Collison had a Buick with a push-pedal emergency brake, and Starkweather did not know how to release it. When he stalled out a passer-by offered to help, he was met with a rifle pointed at his face and the two began to wrestle. At the same time deputy Sheriff William Romer drove up on the pair, and Fugate sprang from the front seat of the Buick, screaming and pointing at Starkweather, saying, Hes killed a man! Starkweather jumped into the Packard and took off with Romer following close behind. Romer called for back up as he tried to keep up with Starkweather who was driving up to 120 miles an hour. More officers joined the chase, and one of them managed to shoot out the back windshield of the Packard. When a piece of the spraying glass cut Starkweather, he thought he had been shot and quickly pulled over and surrendered. In Custody The killing spree of Starkweather and Fugate was over, but the task of putting together the pieces of who did what had just begun for authorities. At first, Starkweather said Fugate was not responsible for any of the killings. Fugate insisted she was a victim and not a participant in any crimes. She told investigators that she had been held hostage and that Starkweather said he would kill her family if she did not go along with his demands. Fugates hostage story quickly dissolved after she admitted to being present when her family was butchered. Both were charged with first-degree murder, and they were extradited to Nebraska to stand trial. The Trial of Charles Starkweather The list of charges against Starkweather was lengthy, and the only defense his lawyers could bring to the table that could save him from the electric chair was an insanity defense. But to Starkweather, going down in history as insane was unacceptable. He used every possible opportunity to thwart his lawyers efforts by announcing that he was indeed sane during his killing spree. Instead, he said he killed his victims out of self-defense, a position no one believed. The jury found him guilty on two charges of first-degree murder and recommended that he be put to death in the electric chair. The court agreed, and he was sentenced to die on June 25, 1959. The Trial of Fugate When Starkweather found out that Fugate said she was his hostage, he stopped protecting her and told the authorities of her activity which included slashing Carol Kings genitals and shooting C. Lauer Ward. He also said she was responsible for Merle Collisons murder and went as far as describing her as one of the most trigger happy people he had ever met. He testified against her in court, although it was pointed out by her defense that he had changed his story at least seven times in the past. Few believed Fugates defense of being a victim and she was found guilty of murdering Robert Jensen, Jr. and given a life sentence because of her age. In the years following her sentencing, she continued to insist that she was a victim. Her sentence was later commuted, and she was paroled in June 1976. Except for one interview, Fugate never spoke publically about her time spent with Starkweather. The Final Curtain Call On June 25, 1959, Starkweathers execution was on schedule. Earlier in the evening, he had ordered cold cuts for his final meal. He was asked if he wanted to donate his eyes, which he said no adding, Why should I? Nobody ever gave me anything. Just after midnight, ​the 20-year-old spree killer was escorted to the execution chamber with his head shaved and dressed in a prison denim shirt and jeans. When Starkweather was asked if he had any final words, he merely shook his head no. There was to be no last scene for the James Dean wannabe. No words to send journalist off scribbling in their notebooks. He, like other killers before him, was strapped into the electric chair, hit with 2200 volts of electricity and killed.

Autism & Computing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Autism & Computing - Research Paper Example from high functioning individuals to those with severe communication disabilities. The patients of Autism have various developmental issues which are listed and discussed below (Eisenberg & Kanner, 1956): Excessive impassiveness with regard to human relationships Inability to successfully use ‘language’ as a mode of communication Restless and compulsive craving for upholding similarity / likeness leading to a striking drawback in the diversity of impulsive actions Over and above the issues listed above, people with ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) are known to have a heightened sensitivity towards sound, smell, taste, touch as well as visual motivation; restricted imagination; abnormal physical movements; and problems related to attention and motivation. However, these problems are known to undergo changes over time. Problems related to Social development: The social development of patients with ASD is starkly different, deferred, and / or uncharacteristic than the others. Such difficulties can be observed / highlighted during the communication with their peers. On account of such issues, individuals with ASD often find it difficult to establish, develop or maintain friendships / social relationships. ... them on a day to day basis, with regard to common and practical aspects of communication such as use of eye contact; facial expressions / gestures etc., during everyday communication. Difficulties in communication also includes efficient application of language skills such as in case of turn taking in a verbal communication; or initiating a conversation; debating on shared topics; maintaining consistency related to the subject of discussion; and ascertaining the knowledge of the listeners regarding the topic of discussion. They also face severe difficulties in understanding idioms, phrases or sarcasm. Poorly developed imaginative skills Individuals diagnosed with ASD display poor imagination skills which lead to a constrained monotonous and stereotyped behaviour. Poor / underdeveloped imaginative skills include a total lack of practical or representational play to problems in using imagination in everyday social lives. Their interests are often limited and against the common / accept able cultural norms. They have a strong obsession over scheduled tasks as well as their composition / sequence (Gilberg, 2001). Individuals diagnosed with ASD suffer with various kinds of difficulties which tend to impair their quality of life and hence need special efforts taken to elevate their quality of living. They often undergo great difficulties in establishing social relationships and as a result become victims of loneliness, further culminating into frustration and social awkwardness (Bauminger, 2003). They often err in judging common social situations such as – failing to identify and differentiate between genuine compliments and sarcasm; friendly banter and bullying etc., and hence fail to safeguard or defend themselves in public. Furthermore they do not share the same common

Personal activities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal activities - Essay Example The privilege of sharing my passion with the audience only brings me greater joy. If I can inspire even one other individual, I feel it will melt away all my years of toil and endless practices. 2. Apart from your first and second languages, what other languages do you speak and write Baring English and Chinese, which are my first and second languages, respectively, I am currently studying Gaeilge through home study courses. When I first heard Gaeilge spoken I was enthralled with it. I feel its oral beauty, fluidity and woven vocal patterns are unmatched. However, in the future, I also desire to pursue the Spanish and Japanese languages. 3. Do you already have a university course in mind If so, give details. I am yet to ascertain my course of study, though, I am sure to pursue a career in diplomacy. I have varied interests including, but not limited to: finance, economics and world history; however, prior to selecting a major course, I feel it best to explore the possibilities in the direction of my current interests. I am not a scholarship recipient now; however I am applying for a 50% award. Such a scholarship will give me the opportunity to find, explore and fund my own future.

Academic Skills Plus Essay Example for Free

Academic Skills Plus Essay Atwood writes: â€Å"What I mean by ‘science fiction’ is those books that descend from H. G. Wells’s The War of the Worlds, which treats of an invasion by tentacled, blood-sucking Martians shot to Earth in metal canisters – things that could not possibly happen – whereas, for me, â€Å"speculative fiction† means plots that descend from Jules Verne’s books about submarines and balloon travel and such – things that really could happen but just hadn’t completely happened when the authors wrote the books. I would place my own books in this second category: no Martians.† (From In other worlds, p.6) With these remarks in mind, is it useful to distinguish between science fiction and speculative fiction? In answering this question you might consider Le Guin’s suggestion that people who refer to their works as ‘speculative fiction’ rather than ‘science fiction’ are simply trying to protect themselves from some of the negative connotations associated with science fiction (see In other worlds)? Discuss in relation to at least two works. ‘Science fiction’ is often defined as a wide literary genre related to fictional stories. It contains many subgenres, such as space opera, cyberpunk, utopia, dystopia, alternative histories and speculative fiction. Although there are an extensive number of subgenres, some writers, as Margaret Atwood, have been trying to differentiate ‘speculative fiction’ from ‘science fiction’. Maybe this wideness of subgenres existing under the genre ‘science fiction’ is exactly the reason why Atwood found interesting to present this differentiation. When we consider science fiction stories, many different things can came up to our mind, such as aliens, intergalactic travel, artificial intelligence and utopian (or dystopian) societies. Considering that, as we can notice in these examples, these topics can differ a lot from each other and it might be understandable that Atwood  wanted to differentiate (more than just defining different subgenres) the kind of fiction related to more ‘plausible’ things (things that could really happen, as she says). Definitely, ‘speculative fiction’ books have a completely different scenario from cyberpunk, aliens or space opera works and this could awake a desire to disconnect them in a more significantly manner. However, it is possible to affirm that this distinction between ‘science’ and ‘speculative fiction’ is not useful and that there is no reason for making it, especially considering that speculative fiction is just one more subgenre of science fiction. This thesis will be supported by a number of points presented throughout this essay. Firstly, it will be argued that the subgenre ‘speculative fiction’ fits perfectly into the definitions and requisites related to ‘science fiction’. Secondly, it will be discussed that Atwood’s definition of ‘speculative fiction’ is vague and can change according to interpretation, and also that it can be used to define as speculative fiction other books that she clearly had classified as belonging to ‘science fiction’. Thereby, her definition can be seen as not clear, which makes it not useful at all. Finally, it will be presented that Atwood seems to reinforce this division specially because distinguishing ‘speculative fiction’ from ‘science fiction’ is convenient for her. There are some evidences for that, for example, Le Guin once said Atwood was trying to protect herself from negative connotations associated with ‘science fiction’. This is even noticeable considering that many of her attempts to define the genre contained irony and clichà ©s. Firstly, it will be discussed that ‘speculative fiction’ fits perfectly into the definitions and requisites related to the ‘science fiction’ subgenres, which makes unnecessary and not useful the distinction between them. It was stated before that ‘science fiction’ has a big number of subgenres and it is clear that they differ considerably from each other. However, despite their singularities, all of them have one kind of cohesive element in common, which brings each subgenre to be defined as part of the genre ‘science fiction’. To define this common element noticed in all the science fiction subgenres, it is useful to consider two Suvin’s definitions about science fiction: SF is, then, a literary genre whose necessary and sufficient conditions are the presence and interaction of estrangement and cognition,  and whose main formal device is an imaginative framework alternative to the authors empirical environment (Suvin 1979, p. 7) and â€Å"Science Fiction is distinguished by the narrative dominance or hegemony of a fictional novum (novelty, innovation) validated by cognitive logic† (Suvin 1979, p. 63). Considering these two definitions, it is possible to affirm then that the necessary and sufficient conditions to identify one science fiction work are: the presence of a ‘novum’ and the presence of a ‘cognitive logic’, the logical consistency which makes the ‘novum’ become part of our knowledge about real things. With this in mind, we can analyse the book The Handmaid’s Tale from Atwood. She clearly have classified this book as not being ‘science fiction’, however, it is easy to identify the ‘novum’ and also the ‘cognitive logic’ in her book. The ‘novum’ is represented by the whole system of political organization in the Republic of Gilead described on the book and the ‘cognitive logic’ is given by some similarities that can be noticed between our society and the society described on the book. In the same way, for the book of H. G. Wells, The War of the Worlds, we can also identify the ‘novum’, which is given by the Martians and their technology; and the ‘cognitive logic’, given by the similarities existing between both societies. Thus, it can be affirmed that both books The Handmaid’s Tale and The War of the World belongs to the genre ‘science fiction’, contradicting Atwood’s previous proposition. This proves that although Atwood’s book can be classified as ‘speculative fiction’, it truly belongs to ‘science fiction’, leading us to verify again that ‘speculative fiction’ is just one more subgenre of ‘science fiction’. It makes clear then that the division between ‘science’ and ‘speculative’ fiction is not useful and not justifiable. Secondly, it will be presented that Atwood’s definition of ‘speculative fiction’ is imprecise and also can be used to define as speculative fiction other books that were categorized as ‘science fiction’ by her. In order to illustrate these points, we will analyse Atwood (2011) definition about ‘speculative fiction’ as â€Å"things that really could happen but just hadn’t completely happened when the authors wrote the books.† This is a vague and inaccurate idea. It could encompass different definitions because the range of things that could really happen is highly dependent of each person’s  beliefs and ideas, what makes this definition extremely subjective. Also, with just a few exceptions, it is not possible to say for sure what is and what is not going to happen. Besides, Atwood even gives us another definition: Oryx and Crake is not science fiction. Science fiction is when you have chemicals and rockets. (Watts 2003, p. 3). Considering both definitions given by her, it could be understood that she considers rockets and chemicals as things that really could not happen, as they belong to science fiction. However, it is known that rockets and chemicals are not things impossible to happen, especially because nowadays we can see some examples of them. Both definitions become contradictory then. Considering her first definition, books about this theme would be classified as speculative fiction; however, she decided to use these two themes to exemplify ‘science fiction’. Atwood’s definitions about ‘speculative fiction’ are imprecise, therefore, what is the purpose in using an imprecise and cloudy definition? It is simply not useful to distinguish ‘science’ from ‘speculative fiction’ then. Thirdly, it will be presented that Atwood seems to reinforce this division specially because distinguishing ‘speculative fiction’ from ‘science fiction’ is convenient for her. Le Guin (2009) states that Atwood was trying to protect herself from negative connotations associated with science fiction and also â€Å"from being relegated to a genre still shunned by hidebound readers, reviewers and prize-awarders†. Considering Le Guin’s remarks, it is possible to observe that ‘science fiction’ was not a literary genre with considerable prestige in the intellectual audience. This could reduce her reputation on the high literary society. One possible reason for ‘science fiction’ being underestimated is that science fiction could be related to some works produced for mass audience like Star Trek and Dr Who and intellectuals would associate her books to these works. Then it would be interesting for her to dissociate the connecti on between her books and the genre ‘science fiction’ once it was not so appreciated by the intellectual audience. And this is also noticed by considering that some of her remarks about ‘science fiction’ contains irony, as she frequently uses clichà ©s to refer about it, such as ‘rockets’, ‘chemicals’, ‘blood-sucking Martians’, ‘talking squids in outer space’, and ‘skin-tight clothing’. Thus, it is possible to verify why Atwood reinforces the division between ‘speculative’ and ‘science’ fiction. And  considering her reasons we can see that they are not justifiable and strong enough to make the distinction between ‘speculative’ and ‘science fiction’ useful. Finally, this essay discussed a number of points in order to support the thesis that the distinction between ‘speculative’ and ‘science’ fiction is not useful. Firstly, it was stated that although it may be hard to define some literary genres it is noticeable that ‘speculative ficti on’ fits perfectly in most of definitions of science fiction, making it a subgenre only. Secondly, it was presented that Atwood’s definition about ‘speculative fiction’ is vague and could classify as ‘speculative fiction’ some books that she clearly classified as ‘science fiction’. Thirdly, it was discussed that is convenient for her to separate ‘speculative fiction’ from ‘science fiction’ since the genre of ‘science fiction’ was not so appreciated by reviewers and prize awarders and was associated to some mass audience works. She does not want to be linked to this image so she tries to put her works under a different literary classification. This point shows us clearly that there is no consistent and general reason for her to do the distinction. In conclusion, this essay illustrated that is not useful to distinguish between ‘science fiction’ and ‘speculative fiction’ and the reason for this was explained by all of the arguments stated previously. References Atwood, M 1985, The Handmaid’s Tale, Anchor Books, New York. Atwood, M 2011, In Other Worlds SF and the Human Imagination, Doubleday. Le Guin, U 2009, ‘The Year of the Flood by Margaret Atwood’, The Guardian, 29 August. Available at http://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/aug/29/margaret-atwood-year-of-flood Suvin, D 1979, Metamorphoses Of Science Fiction, Yale University Press, New Haven Watts, P 2003, ‘Margaret Atwood and the Hierarchy of Contempt’, On Spec, vol. 15, no. 2, summer, pp. 3-5. Wells, H 1898, The War of the World, New York Review Books, New York.

How the Catholic Church Held Up During the Middle Ages Essay -- Histor

The Middle Ages was a long period of time. It started in about the 500 A.D. and ended in about 1500 A.D. Not many things can last for this long period of time, but at least one thing did, and that was the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church consists of Popes, Bishops, Clergy, and Monks, and Nuns were also part of the Church. Also during the Middle Ages, it also produced many great philosophers (Funk & Wagnall’s, 275). From the Middle Ages to the 13th century, the church played important role as authority, influence. The Catholic Church held up due to the power of the Pope, Pope Gregory’s policies, and the Church was a part of the citizen’s daily lives. In the Middle Ages houses of the poor and wealthy were often alike, except for the wealthy because they could occupy all their floors of the house. Their business would be on the first floor, living quarters on the second, and servant’s quarters on the third. If they family were poor they might have several families living under one roof, which makes the house very crowded (Gies, 243). Among the village, the only stone building was the church. The entire village was mostly made out of sticks, mud and such objects. The churches were built and paid for by the people (thinkquest). It was a nice centerpiece of a town. Inside the Church, you will not find any sort of warmth. Many people came with hand-warmers, because the church was often cool year round. Churches also did not have pews for people to sit on; they had to bring their own chairs. The church was a public building in which the town’s business life is often occurring around a town’s church (Gies, 291). The Church provided services to the poor, care of the sick, helpless, and travelers (Frem... ... new heights. Christendom to take up arms to re-conquer Jerusalem, it was urged on by soldiers, monks, popes, and others. â€Å"The Church encouraged uniformity during the Crusades and efforts to recapture territories lost to aroused and militant Islamic powers† (Funk & Wagnall’s). The Roman Catholic Church went through some tough times during the Middle Ages, but they did hold up. Each member played an important part in the Church. Each part of the hierarchy had an important role to play. They had to be a firm believer in the Church. Pope Gregory created policies, and strengthened many parts of the Church. Each Pope had the power to influence the kings that were in power. If it had not been for the people, and the hierarchy of the Church, the Church might have died. The Catholic Church did hold up during the Middle Ages due to the people and events that took place.

History And Effects Of Pesticide Pollution Environmental Sciences Essay

Pesticides have been known to be for 1000s of old ages. Sulfur combustion was a method used in ancient Sumer every bit good as ancient Rome for killing insects ; the Romans were besides known to utilize salt to kill weed ( Wikipedia,2010 ) . In the 1400s, lead, quicksilver and arsenic were efficaciously used for this intent. Similarly, in 1600s, the job of emmets was tackled by the usage of a mixture of honey and arsenic. In the later of portion of the 1800s, US husbandmans used assorted arsenites every bit good as baccy derived functions to command plagues. The greatest enlargement in the pesticides was seen after World War II. Chemicals like DDT, aldrin, diedrin and 2,4 – Calciferol came into usage due to their low cost and high grade of efficaciousness ( Delaplane, 1996 ) . DDT took the bar as pass overing out major part of vectors responsible for typhus and malaria. Although being in being since the latter half of nineteenth century, its true potency was understood in 1939 . It was so successful that the discoverer Paul M & A ; uuml ; llen was awarded Nobel award in 1948 for his accomplishment. It was non until 1962 when the land interrupting book of Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, made a connexion between environment pollution, major wellness jeopardies and DDT. Carson ( 1962 ) argued that the chemicals like DDT are non merely toxic to the insects but to the birds and fish every bit good. It was proposed that this was because of a direct mechanism every bit good as an indirect mechanism.Pesticides use in US and EU:After a prohibition on DDT ‘s usage in the US, the enthusiasm was shifted to production of newer compounds which were safer and better than the conventional 1s and methods of harvest production that discouraged plagues. Integrated pest direction ( IPM ) was introduced like a multipronged scheme to concentrate on newer harvest production methods, increased growing of pest-specific marauders and timing of pesticide spray so that maximal h arm to the plagues could be incurred finally increasing the output ( Delaplane, 1996 ) . It is interesting to observe that the pesticide ingestion has increased dramatically over the last 50 old ages. As opposed to 2kg/ha in 2004, in 1961, it was merely 0.49kg/ha. In one estimation, France and US spray 35 % and 20 % of their entire surface country severally every twelvemonth ( Goodplanet.info, 2010 ) . In malice of holding really powerful newer agents, the figures keep on lifting. Europe represents about one tierce of the universe pesticide market portion standing at 30 billion dollars a twelvemonth. North America and Asia constitute a one-fourth each. US is the taking consumer of the pesticide industry with a figure of 2.5kg/ha. Europe consumes 3kg /ha, while India is at merely 0.5kg/ha. In a study by PAN Europe ( 2007 ) , it was stated that the pesticide ingestion was on the rise despite newer agents that act at a lower dosage. This shows that the pest control is still dependent o n the usage of these merchandises.Pesticides use in United kingdom:It has to be mentioned that in UK the pesticides ‘ usage is controlled by the ( CRD ) .The board of directors controls chemicals ‘ usage where listed under REACH statute law which consist a portion of Europe ‘s statute law where came in force in June of 2007and is responsible for the chemicals ‘ rating, enrollment, limitation and mandate such as guaranting that the companies produce and at the same clip conveyance chemicals under a responsible and safe manner. Furthermore it ensures that the people give a high attending for the protection of the environment by any possible chemical ‘s effects. The CRD is the chief responsible for pesticides ‘ usage limitation in UK.Pesticides and their application:The large inquiry is why they are used†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ ? ? Harmonizing to a study, about one tierce of the agribusiness production is destroyed with the brunt faced by developing states bec ause of plagues. This amounts to a humongous 300 billion dollar one-year losingss with an mean output loss runing from 30 to 40 % ( Plucknett and Kagbo, 2010 ) . So to be faced that job at that place has been appeared particularly the last decennaries a expand usage of pesticides in agricultural industry. Pesticides are used to disrupt onslaughts of snails, animate beings, bullets and snails while at the same clip for the protection of public wellness killing animate beings like mosquitoes, mice and rats. More than 1600 types of different pesticides are listed in the Compendium of Pesticide Common Names. These are classified harmonizing to their country of action such as Herbicides, Insecticides and Nematicides. Other major classs include Acaricides, Antimicrobials, Attractants, Avicides, Fungicide, Molluscicides, Predacides, and Rodenticides ( Wood, 2010 ) . The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2009, divides these chemical comp ounds into Class Ia compounds, which are highly unsafe, Class Ib as extremely unsafe, Class II as reasonably unsafe, Class III as somewhat unsafe and Class U as improbable to be acutely unsafe based on LD50 for the mice.Mode of pesticides ‘ action:An of import fact worth adverting is that since there are a immense assortment of merchandises available for different types of plagues, likewise there is besides a enormous variableness in the mechanism of action of these pesticides. One chemical may move at one or more critical cellular tract of the plague. Harmonizing to Hayes ‘ Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology ( 2010, pp. 106 – 117 ) , this can be explained for a class of a chemical. Insecticides, Nematicides and Acaricides act as Acetylcholine esterase inhibitors or agonists. Some of them besides block glutamate gated chloride channels and mitochondrial composites. A assortment of them are ryanodine receptor modulators. Pyrethrum derived functions such as pyrethrins and pyrethroids that act on Na channels are speedy in action. Rodenticides may either organize an acute toxin such as phosphine in the tummy of the gnawer or cause hypercalcaemia. Examples include zinc phosphide and bromethalin. Warfarin may exercise an anti-coagulant consequence, therefore the animate being to spontaneously shed blood boulder clay it dies. Herbicides mark works specific mechanisms. They act on photosystems thereby interrupting the respiration of the weed. They besides block amino acid and fatty acerb synthesis and can besides do cell membrane break. Molluscicides disrupt cellular respiration of snails and bullets. Phasmohabditis hermaphrodita ; a infective roundworm, is a biological molluscicide.Behaviour and destiny of pesticides:Pesticides, when applied are either adsorbed, may be transferred to some other location or degraded into non-active constituents depending on the type of pesticide. Adsorption is a procedure by which these chemicals straight bind to the dirt atoms. Transportation is the phenomenon by which these compounds are dispersed off from the application site. Harmonizing to Nebguide ( 1993 ) , soaking up, harvest remotion, leaching, spray impetus and run off. Micro-organisms and workss uptake these compounds by soaking up. Mechanisms like volatilization and run off are of import as they distribute the pesticides to other location to eliminate the plagues but this is non ever the instance as it is besides one of the grounds of environmental pollution. Similarly, spray impetus causes these chemicals to be dispersed to other location at the clip of application. Leaching is dependent on the water-solubility of the pesticide and can either be downwards, upwards or sideways. Degradation takes topographic point either by, microbic action, Sun visible radiation or photodegradation or by a chemical reaction ( Nebguide,1993 ) .Pesticides in surface and land Waterss:In a survey by McBride ( 1989 ) , it has been postulated that H2O â₠¬Ëœs taint hazard is determined by features of the pesticide used, the features of dirt and the H2O volume ; A chemical with high H2O solubility, low dirt surface assimilation, high continuity applied on a coarse and low organic affair dirt with shallow land H2O and frequent irrigations has a high hazard of polluting H2O beginning. In an article by PAN Europe ( 2010 ) , Belgium, France, Netherlands and UK have highest pesticide taint in lowland river countries ; the one-year cost in cleaning up the H2O resource is around 170 million euros in UK yearly with a portion of this load go throughing on to the consumer.Practical solutions for pesticide pollution:Several techniques can be used to minimise the pesticide pollution. Integrated pest direction ( IPM ) is an first-class manner to get down with. It involves a holistic attack of choosing immune works species, cultivation and reconnoitering to minimise the chemical use. There should be repeated cheques on the harvests to mensurate th e pest population before a pesticide onslaught could be ensued. Crop rotary motion methods should be employed to deter the harmful beings. Educational plans should be encouraged so that all the persons involved in the procedure know precisely what they are making. This can be done by strong media runs backed by pertinent statute law. Research into biological and other non-chemical pesticides should be sought for. Pesticide choice should be appropriate and after usage disposal harmonizing to recommended manner. Tanks and reservoirs should ne'er be filled with pesticides while being close to a H2O reservoir to avoid taint. Preferably, a H2O beginning should be covered to forestall pollution. Detailed conditions prognosis should be taken into history before spraying to minimise run off and spray impetus. The equipment used should be in tip top form so that there are no leaks and droplet size is appropriate.

Essay on Crime and Delinquency - 1407 Words

Crime and Delinquency In 1939 Criminologist Edwin H. Sutherland proposed his theory of Differential Association in his Principles of Criminology textbook. Differential Association theory states that criminal behavior is learned behavior. Sutherland along with Richard Cloward, and Lloyd Ohlin attempted to explain this phenomenon by emphasizing the role of learning. To become a criminal, a person must not only be inclined toward illegal activity, he or she must also learn how to commit criminal acts. Sutherland’s differential association theory contends that people whose environment provides the opportunity to associate with criminals will learn these skills and will become criminals in response to strain. If the necessary learning†¦show more content†¦5) The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from the definition of legal codes are favorable and unfavorable 6) A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law 7) Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity 8) The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti-criminal patters involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning. 9) Through criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, it is not explained by those general needs and values since non-criminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values. The weak points of the theory of Edwin Sutherland are (1) doesnt specifically answer why everyone in contact with an excess of criminal behavior patterns doesnt become criminal and (2) differential Association also fails to tell us how the first criminal became a criminal. A group of labeling theorists began exploring how and why certain acts were defined as criminal or deviant and why other such acts were not. They questioned how and why certain peopleShow MoreRelatedJuvenile Delinquency Is A Crime967 Words   |  4 PagesJuvenile Delinquency is a crime categorize mainly based on age. Juvenile delinquency the definition under the criminal law it generally refers to behavior which shall be subject to criminal penalties for people age under 18 being implemented. Juvenile delinquency is an increasingly common social problem facing the U.S currently. The problem of juvenile delinquency is also very prominent, and the severity of their crimes have been gaining awareness of the whole society. 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